英語の冠詞について (On an Article)

このブログの筆者がイギリス留学のときに撮った写真
不定冠詞 (a、an)
① 初めて言及する可算名詞に用いる
There was a hole in the fence. There’s a concert on Saturday night.
② 全体をさすとき
A table has four legs. (A tableはテーブル全体を指す)
③ ~につき
Sound travels 340 meters a second. (一秒間につき→前置詞perと同じ)
④ a+人名 (~さんのような人)
There’s a Mr. Paul Brown asking to see you. (Paul Brownさんとかいう人)
He is a second Newton in his scientific genius. (Newtonのような科学的な才能のある人)
⑤ a+姓 (家族の一員)
One of his daughters had married a Brown. (Brown家の一人と)
⑥ 数えられない名詞と共に用いて、「一種の」、「いくらかの」という意味に使う
Bordeaux is a wine you can drink with many kinds of food.
(参考) 名詞の前では、不定冠詞 (a、an) か定冠詞 (the) をつける必要があるが、付けなくても良い場合があることを覚えておくと便利である。次に無冠詞の例をあげておく。
① 数えられない名詞の前、例えば、 抽象名詞としてのlove、luckなど。
What these kids need is love and support.
We’d all like to wish you luck in your new job.
Where did life come from? (生命としてのlife)
Spending money sure is fun!
② 名詞がその本来の目的を示すとき
I have a glass of wine before bed.
She decided to go to college. (the collegeと言うと別な意味になる)
③ 交通・通信などの手段を示すとき
We crossed the river by ferry.
I went to school by bus.
They exchanged New Year’s greetings by e-mail.
④ 食事の名前
I’ve got a sandwich for lunch.
We had supper at home.
Let’s have dinner out tonight.
ただし、形容詞が前に付くと、I had an early lunchとなり、特定化されるとHe doesn’t like the lunch his wife prepares for himとなる。後の文章は、彼の妻が準備した昼食が嫌いという意味である。
⑤病気の名前
Have you had your inoculation against influenza? (ただし、a cold、a headache、a feverと不定冠詞となるので注意すること)
I had a really bad headache and couldn’t go out on a date.
⑥季節の名前
Spring is my favorite season. (ただし、特定化されると定冠詞がつく) He was born in the summer of 1998.
⑦呼びかけ
When will breakfast be ready, Mother?
(参考)
A dog is a faithful animal.
The dog is a faithful animal. (もっとも形式ばった用法)
Dogs are faithful animals. (もっとも一般的に用いる用法)
定冠詞 (the)
① 前に出た名詞を指す時
A nurse brought me some bread and coffee, but the bread was stale and the coffee tasted like soap.
② その場の状況で分かるものを指す時
How are all the family? (この場合、the familyはyour familyをさす)
I’m going to the post office. (いつも行く郵便局)
③ 形容詞の最上級・比較級・序数詞につく場合
He is the best player on our team.
He was the first man to arrive here.
④ 天体などの唯一物を指す時 (the earthを除く他の惑星は無冠詞、Venusなど)
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. (ただし、いつも定冠詞がつくとは限らない)
There was a moon that night.
⑤ 形容詞のつかないsea, air, wind, skyなど自然現象を表す名詞が主語としてはたらく場合
The wind was strong.
⑥ the+人名
単数形の場合(同じ名前の人と区別するため)
That’s not the Stephen Greenblatt I know.
複数形の場合(その一家をさす)
The Browns live next door to us.
⑦ そのほか慣例上定冠詞をつけるもの
海、川は一般にtheを付ける (the Pacific Ocean、the River Thames)
群島や山脈にはtheを付ける (the Hawaiian Islands、the Rocky Mountains)
海峡、半島はtheを付ける (the Iberian Peninsula、the English Channel、the Malay Peninsula)


